ATS are used by approximately 35.7 million people-second only to cannabis with 183 million estimated users, and global seizures reached 173 tons of ATS in 2014 ( 1). Amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) comprising substances such as Speed and Crystal Meth have come into focus due to the high potential for drug dependence, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, infectious diseases or deteriorating dental health, as well as cognitive impairments, depression or psychosis ( 2– 6). It can provide important insights into the motivational structure of the first and latest months of ATS use which are useful for preventive and therapeutic treatments as well as the development of abstinence skills.Īccording to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( 1), more than 29 million people suffer from drug use disorders. To conclude, the AMQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing motives of ATS use in a clinical population. Structural equation modeling confirmed an association between coping motives and use frequency, for both periods of time (first and latest month: β = 0.32, p < 0.001), as well as between social motives and frequency of use for the latest month of use (β = 0.30, p < 0.01). Men (first month: M = 4.21, SD = 0.75 latest month: M = 3.86, SD = 0.93) use ATS more frequently due to enhancement motives than women (first month: M = 3.85, SD = 1.12 latest month: M = 3.46, SD = 1.29) at both periods of time. The results confirmed the AMQ’s four-dimensional factor structure in general, and across gender and age groups for both periods of time. A structural equation model was estimated to confirm the concurrent validity using the latent four motive factors (i.e., enhancement, coping, social, and conformity motives) as independent variables and frequency of ATS use in the first and the latest month of use as a dependent variable. Independent sample t-tests were conducted to test for mean differences in the motive dimensions.
Nested models of confirmatory factor analyses with increasing constraints for gender and age were estimated to test the equivalence of the factor structure in different subgroups. Confirmatory factor analyses were employed to test for the construct validity of the AMQ. The objective of this study is to develop the Amphetamine-Type stimulants Motive Questionnaire (AMQ) and to confirm its construct and concurrent validity in respect to the first and the latest month of ATS use based on answers of 233 patients with ATS disorders (74.2% male mean age: 31.1 years). Understanding the motives behind ATS use is a necessary basis for preventive and therapeutic treatment. 5Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, HungaryĪpproximately 35.7 million people world-wide use amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) leading to a high demand for effective treatment.4Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.3Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.2Department of Psychology, Otto-Friedrich-University Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany.1Clinical Addiction Medicine, Bezirkskrankenhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.The method resulted in dramatic reductions in processing time and waste production.Jennifer Anna Weber 2 and Jörg Wolstein 2 These interfering compounds included ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and phenethylamine. The method was challenged with 75 potentially interfering compounds and no interferences were seen.
Excellent agreement was seen with previous quantitations. Over 200 human urine samples previously determined to contain the target analytes were analyzed using the method. The method was linear to 5000 ng/mL for all compounds using MDMA-d5 and MAMP-d14 as internal standards.
Limits of detection were 62.5 ng/mL (AMP and MDEA), 15.6 ng/mL (MAMP), and 31.3 ng/mL (MDA and MDMA) using a 2-mL sample volume. Recoveries averaged 90% or greater for each of the compounds. Rapid derivatization was accomplished using heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA). This method utilized a positive-pressure manifold cation-exchange polymer-based solid-phase extraction followed by elution directly into automated liquid sampler (ALS) vials. To facilitate analysis of high sample volumes, an extraction, derivatization and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis method was developed to simultaneously determine amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) in urine.
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